The argument was partially inspired by the history of Einstein's difficulties with the Heizenberg Uncertainty Principle, which is now an integral component of quantum mechanics theory.  In a famous exchange with Nicholas Bohr, Einstein remarked that "I cannot believe that God would choose to play dice with the universe."  Whereupon, Bohr responded, "Einstein, don't tell God what to do."  A more complete accounting is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle